Mycotoxin testing for immune sensitized individuals.

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Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.)

Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.), also known as biotoxin illness, is a condition characterized by a group of symptoms, lab findings, and test results related to biotoxin exposure, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. C.I.R.S. primarily results from exposure to toxins produced by certain biological agents such as molds or bacteria, often found in water-damaged buildings. The syndrome was extensively researched by Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker, who linked these chronic symptoms to biotoxin exposure and developed methods for diagnosis and treatment.

Causes and Mechanisms

C.I.R.S. is triggered by exposure to biotoxins, which can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, tick or spider bites, and direct contact with contaminated water. These biotoxins are small molecules capable of moving through cell membranes and are difficult to detect in standard blood tests. In genetically susceptible people, the immune system fails to recognize and eliminate these biotoxins, leading to chronic inflammation and a variety of health issues.

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Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of C.I.R.S. are varied and can affect multiple systems in the body, including respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems. Common symptoms include fatigue, cognitive impairment, muscle and joint pains, and sensitivity to light, among others. Diagnosis involves a detailed patient history, physical examination, and a range of specific tests including Visual Contrast Sensitivity (VCS), genetic testing for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), and various biomarkers like TGF beta-1, C4a, and MMP-9.

Impact and Management

C.I.R.S., if left untreated, can lead to significant health deterioration, affecting the quality of life. Early detection and comprehensive treatment can greatly improve patient outcomes. Awareness and understanding of C.I.R.S. are crucial for both patients and healthcare providers, as the syndrome is often misdiagnosed due to its complex nature and wide range of symptoms. Ongoing research and advancements in diagnostic methods and treatments continue to improve the management of this condition.

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The Health Effects of Mycotoxins on Human Organs

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of fungi. These substances can have severe health effects on humans, targeting specific organs and causing a range of conditions. Aflatoxins, for example, are known for their hepatotoxic and immune-suppressive properties, primarily affecting the liver. Similarly, Ochratoxin A, which can cause serious damage to the kidneys and liver, is carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive.


Understanding the specific health effects and target organs of mycotoxins like Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin is crucial for preventing and mitigating their impacts. These mycotoxins can lead to conditions ranging from nausea and diarrhea to more severe reproductive effects and immune system disorders.

Target Organs and Diseases Induced by Fungi Species

Fungal infections can target various organs and lead to a plethora of diseases. Aspergillus species, for example, can cause respiratory diseases, otomycosis, and even brain granulomas. The nails, skin, and respiratory tract are also common targets, with diseases ranging from keratitis to invasive aspergillosis and onychomycosis.


Other fungi, like Fusarium species, can affect the eyes, nails, and even internal organs, leading to keratomycosis, skin lesions, and the proliferation of internal organs. Penicillium species are not to be underestimated, with the potential to cause keratitis, asthma, and pneumonia.


Awareness and prevention are key in combating the adverse health effects of mycotoxins and fungal infections. By understanding the risks associated with each mycotoxin and fungi species, individuals and healthcare providers can take steps to protect those most vulnerable to these toxic substances.

Filamentous Fungi Species and Mycotoxins Produced

Fungal Genera Mycotoxins Produced
Aspergillus Citrinin
A. campestris Cyclopiazonic Acid, Patulin, Trypoquivalene
A. flavus Aflatoxins, Sterigmatocystin
A. fumigatus Fumagillin, Gliotoxin, Verruculogen, Virditoxin
A. nidulans Sterigmatocystin
A. niger Malformin, Oxalic Acid, Ochratoxin A
A. ochraceus Ochratoxin A, Penicillic Acid, Xanthomegnin
A. terreus Citrinin, Citreoviridin
A. ustus Austdiol, Austamide, Austocystin
A. versicolor Cyclopiazonic Acid, Sterigmatocystin
A. parasiticus Aflatoxins
Fusarium Enniatins, Fumonisins, Moniliformin, Nivalenol, Zearalenone
F. graminearum Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, Zearalenone
Penicillium Citrinin
P. citrinum Citrinin
P. expansum Patulin
P. griseofulvum Patulin
P. islandicum Islanditoxin
P. verrucosum Citrinin
P. viridicatum Ochratoxin A, Rubrosulphin, Viopurpurin, Viomellein
P. verrucosum Citrinin
P. hirsutum Citrinin
P. citreonigrum Citreoviridin
P. islandicum Islanditoxin
P. expansum Patulin
P. griseofulvum Patulin
P. clavigorme Patulin
P. crustosum Penitrem, Viomellein
P. rubrum Rubratoxin
P. brunneum Rugulosin P.
P. olsonii Rugulosin
P. rugulosum Sterigmatocystin, Rugulosin
P. aurantiogriseum Viomellein

Toxins and Their Effects

Toxin Effects Target Organs
Aflatoxins Hepatotoxic and immune-suppressive Liver
Ochratoxin A Carcinogenic, teratogenic, Immuno-suppressive, nephrotoxic and causing upper urinary tract disease Kidney, liver
Fumonisins Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive Gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), liver, kidney
Deoxynivalenol Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, reproductive effects and toxicosis Reproductive organs, GI
T-2 toxin Hepatotoxic, genotoxic and immune-suppressive GIT, Immune system
Zearalenone Carcinogenic, hormonal imbalance and reproductive effects Reproductive organs
Nivalenol Anorexic, immunotoxic, haematotoxic and genotoxic GIT, immune system
Sterigmatocystin Genotoxic, cytotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic Liver, immune system, kidney
Cyclopiazonic acid Immunotoxic and hepatotoxic Muscle, hepatic tissue and spleen
Moniliformin Cardiotoxic, muscular disorders, immunotoxic Heart, Kidney, and muscles
Enniatins Immunotoxic, cytotoxic Immune system
Gliotoxin Immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and genotoxic Kidney, liver, immune system
Citreoviridin Teratogenic and immunotoxic Not specific
Citrinin Nephrotoxic Kidney

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Fungi Species and Diseases Induced

Fungi Species Target Organs Diseases Induced
Aspergillus candidus Respiratory tract, brain, ear and nails Respiratory disease, otomycosis, onychomycosis, brain granuloma
Aspergillus flavus Nails, respiratory tract Sinusitis, keratitis, aspergillosis, osteomyelitis
Aspergillus fumigatus Respiratory tract Pulmonary infections
Aspergillus niger Ears, throat and respiratory tract Otomycosis, pulmonary aspergillosis
Aspergillus versicolor Nose, eyes, throat, nails Invasive aspergillosis, onychomycosis
Fusarium oxysporum Eyes and Nails Keratitis, onychomycosis
Fusarium solani Eyes, respiratory tract, nails, skin and bone Keratitis, sinusitis, endophthalmitis, onychomycosis, cutaneous infections, mycetoma and arthritis
Fusarium verticillioides Eyes, skin, internal organs such as lungs, etc. Keratomycosis, skin lesions, proliferation of internal organs
Penicillium citrinum Eyes and respiratory tract Keratitis, asthma, pneumonia
Penicillium marneffei Blood, skin and respiratory tract Fungemia, skin lesions, anaemia

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you fully recover from C.I.R.S.?

Recovery from C.I.R.S. is possible, but it is important to understand that the path to recovery can vary significantly from person to person, depending on factors such as the length of exposure to biotoxins, the severity of symptoms, and individual health conditions.

The treatment and management of C.I.R.S. involve a comprehensive approach that includes removing the source of biotoxin exposure, following a detoxification protocol, addressing any nutritional deficiencies, and supporting the body's natural healing processes. This may involve a combination of lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, supplements, and sometimes prescription medications aimed at reducing inflammation and supporting immune function.

Recovery from C.I.R.S. often requires a personalized treatment plan developed by healthcare professionals who are experienced with the condition. With appropriate intervention and ongoing management, many patients can see significant improvements in their symptoms and quality of life. However, it's important to note that the recovery process can be gradual and may require sustained efforts over time. Patients are encouraged to work closely with their healthcare team, remain patient, and stay committed to their treatment plan for the best possible outcomes.

How do you live with C.I.R.S.?

Living with Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.) involves a multi-faceted approach to manage symptoms, reduce exposure to biotoxins, and support overall health. Here are key strategies for managing life with C.I.R.S.:

  • Avoidance of Biotoxin Exposure: The foundation of living with C.I.R.S. is to avoid exposure to the biotoxins that trigger the condition. This may involve inspecting and remediating any mold issues in your living or working environment, using high-quality air purifiers to reduce airborne toxins, and being cautious about exposure to water-damaged buildings or areas known to have high levels of biotoxins.
  • Comprehensive Treatment Plan: Engage with healthcare professionals who have experience with C.I.R.S. to develop a personalized treatment plan. This plan may include strategies to detoxify the body, such as sauna therapy, supplements to support liver function, and medications to manage symptoms. Nutritional support is also critical, with a focus on an anti-inflammatory diet that eliminates foods known to exacerbate symptoms.
  • Lifestyle and Environmental Modifications: Lifestyle changes can significantly impact your ability to manage C.I.R.S.. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and mindfulness can be beneficial, as stress exacerbates symptoms. Regular, gentle exercise can help manage inflammation and improve overall health, but it's important to balance activity levels with periods of rest. Ensuring your living environment is as clean and toxin-free as possible is also crucial, which may include using non-toxic cleaning products and avoiding areas of known contamination.

Living with C.I.R.S. requires a holistic approach that encompasses medical treatment, lifestyle adjustments, and environmental modifications. It's a condition that can significantly affect quality of life, but with the right strategies and support, individuals can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Building a support network, including healthcare providers, family, and friends who understand your condition, can also provide emotional support and practical help along the journey.

What percentage of the population has C.I.R.S.?

Estimating the exact percentage of the population that has Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.) can be challenging due to the complexity of the condition and variability in diagnosis criteria. However, it is generally recognized that C.I.R.S., while not widely known to the general public, affects a significant but unclear portion of the population.

Research suggests that a subset of individuals are genetically predisposed to C.I.R.S., with estimates indicating that up to 24% of the population may have a genetic susceptibility to biotoxin illnesses, including C.I.R.S.. This genetic predisposition does not mean that all these individuals will develop C.I.R.S., but they are at a higher risk if exposed to triggering biotoxins.

Given the diagnostic challenges and the overlap of C.I.R.S. symptoms with other conditions, precise prevalence rates are difficult to establish. However, awareness and understanding of C.I.R.S. are growing, which may lead to better reporting and diagnosis in the future. It's important for individuals who suspect they may have C.I.R.S. to seek out healthcare providers knowledgeable about the condition for appropriate testing and treatment.

What does C.I.R.S. feel like?

Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.) manifests with a broad spectrum of symptoms, making the experience highly individualized. Generally, people with C.I.R.S. often report feeling persistently unwell, with symptoms that can mimic those of other chronic conditions. The core experience of C.I.R.S. involves chronic fatigue, cognitive difficulties (often referred to as "brain fog"), muscle and joint pains, and a range of other systemic symptoms.

Individuals with C.I.R.S. might describe experiencing overwhelming fatigue that doesn't improve with rest, difficulty concentrating or remembering things, unexplained muscle aches or joint pain, and sensitivity to environmental factors like smells or chemicals. Many also report feeling worse in certain environments, particularly in damp or moldy buildings, which can lead to a worsening of symptoms.

Aside from physical symptoms, C.I.R.S. can have a significant emotional and psychological impact. The persistent nature of the symptoms, coupled with the difficulty in obtaining a diagnosis and effective treatment, can lead to frustration, anxiety, and depression. It's important for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek care from healthcare providers familiar with C.I.R.S., as a comprehensive approach to treatment can lead to improvements in quality of life.

What type of doctor treats mycotoxins?

Treatment for mycotoxin exposure and its related conditions, such as Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.), is typically provided by healthcare professionals with specialized knowledge in environmental medicine, toxicology, or functional medicine. These doctors have expertise in identifying and treating illnesses caused by environmental exposures, including mycotoxins produced by mold.

Specifically, you may seek treatment from:

  • Environmental Medicine Specialists: Doctors who focus on the interactions between the environment and human health, and have expertise in treating conditions caused by environmental exposures.
  • Functional Medicine Doctors: Practitioners who take an integrative approach to treat the underlying causes of disease, including environmental and lifestyle factors, and may have experience with mycotoxin-related illnesses.
  • Clinical Immunologists or Allergists: Specialists who deal with immune system disorders and allergies and can address the immune responses triggered by mycotoxin exposure.
  • Naturopathic Doctors (NDs): In some cases, NDs with training in environmental health and detoxification processes can also provide support and treatment strategies for mycotoxin exposure.

It's important to choose a healthcare provider experienced in diagnosing and treating mycotoxin-related conditions, as they can offer a comprehensive approach that may include detoxification, dietary modifications, and other integrative health strategies.

Do doctors believe in mold toxicity?

The medical community's views on mold toxicity, especially in the context of conditions like Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.), can vary. Most doctors acknowledge the health risks associated with mold exposure, recognizing that certain molds can produce mycotoxins which are harmful to human health. Symptoms such as allergic reactions, respiratory issues, and even more severe health problems are widely accepted as being linked to mold exposure.

However, the concept of mold toxicity as a chronic, systemic illness (often referred to in discussions of C.I.R.S.) is more controversial. Some healthcare professionals are fully aware of and treat conditions related to chronic mold exposure, understanding the complex ways in which mold and mycotoxins can affect the body. Others may be more skeptical, due in part to the variability of symptoms and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria for related conditions.

It's important for individuals who suspect they are suffering from mold-related health issues to seek out doctors who specialize in environmental medicine or who have experience with mold toxicity and C.I.R.S.. These professionals are more likely to have a deeper understanding of the condition and can offer targeted treatment options. The growing awareness and research into mold toxicity and C.I.R.S. are helping to bridge the gap in understanding within the broader medical community.

How do you get tested for mold toxicity?

Testing for mold toxicity involves a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and sometimes environmental assessments to identify exposure to mold and its impact on health. The process typically starts with a comprehensive medical history and physical examination by a healthcare provider familiar with mold-related illnesses. Here are some key steps and tests involved:

  • Medical History and Symptom Assessment: Detailed discussion about symptoms, potential exposure to moldy environments, and medical history to identify possible links to mold toxicity.
  • Environmental Testing: Assessment of living or working spaces for mold presence through air and surface sampling. This helps to confirm exposure to mold but does not directly correlate with health effects.
  • Laboratory Tests: Blood tests can check for markers of inflammation, immune response to mold, and specific antibodies against mold toxins. Urine tests may be used to detect mycotoxins, indicating exposure to toxic mold.
  • Imaging Studies: In some cases, imaging studies like X-rays or MRI may be recommended to assess the impact of mold exposure on the lungs or sinuses.

Finding a healthcare provider experienced in diagnosing and treating mold-related health issues is crucial, as they can recommend the most appropriate tests based on individual symptoms and exposure history. It's also important to address and remediate any mold issues in the environment to prevent further exposure.

Can a pulmonologist test for mold exposure?

Yes, a pulmonologist, who specializes in lung and respiratory system conditions, can play a key role in testing for and diagnosing health issues related to mold exposure. Pulmonologists are equipped to assess respiratory symptoms that may arise from mold toxicity, such as asthma, allergic reactions, and other respiratory conditions. Here’s how a pulmonologist might approach testing for mold exposure:

  • Clinical Evaluation: A thorough examination and review of medical history to identify symptoms that could be related to mold exposure.
  • Pulmonary Function Tests: Tests that measure lung capacity and the flow of air in and out of the lungs to assess any impairment that could be linked to mold exposure.
  • Imaging Tests: X-rays or CT scans to visualize the lungs and airways for any abnormalities that could suggest mold-related conditions.
  • Allergy Testing: Skin prick tests or blood tests to identify specific mold allergies.

While a pulmonologist can conduct tests relevant to the respiratory aspects of mold exposure, addressing mold toxicity often requires a multidisciplinary approach. This may include consultations with other specialists, such as an environmental medicine doctor or an allergist, for a comprehensive evaluation and treatment plan.

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Mold Exposure and Its Impact on Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.)

Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.) is an immune system disorder caused by repeated exposure to biotoxins, including mold. For individuals with C.I.R.S., mold in the environment can trigger a severe, multi-symptom illness that is systemic and chronic. It is not merely an allergic reaction, but an inflammation within the body that can affect multiple systems, leading to a wide array of symptoms and significant distress.

The Complex Interaction Between Mold and C.I.R.S.

For patients with C.I.R.S., the body's normal immune response is disrupted and unable to recognize and remove biotoxins naturally. Mold exposure can exacerbate this condition due to the release of mycotoxins, which are small, toxic molecules produced by certain species of mold. These mycotoxins can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, leading to an inflammatory response in C.I.R.S. patients.

Symptoms of Mold Exposure in C.I.R.S. Patients

When a C.I.R.S. patient is exposed to mold, they may experience a wide range of symptoms that can be debilitating. These symptoms often include:

  • Chronic fatigue and weakness
  • Cognitive difficulties, such as memory problems and difficulty concentrating
  • Muscle and joint pain without apparent cause
  • Headaches, light sensitivity, and eye problems
  • Gastrointestinal issues, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and appetite changes
  • Respiratory symptoms, like coughing and difficulty breathing
  • Extreme sensitivity to environmental factors, chemicals, and certain foods

Managing Mold Exposure for C.I.R.S. Patients

Living with Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (C.I.R.S.) demands careful attention to environmental factors that can exacerbate symptoms. One critical aspect is the management of mold exposure, which can significantly impact the health and wellbeing of C.I.R.S. patients. The following strategies are vital in creating a safer living space and reducing the risk of mold-related health issues for individuals with C.I.R.S.:

  • Identifying and removing mold sources from the living environment.
  • Utilizing air purifiers with HEPA filters to reduce airborne mold spores.
  • Implementing dehumidifiers to maintain low humidity levels and prevent mold growth.
  • Adhering to a diet that reduces inflammation and does not feed mold in the body.
  • Considering medical treatments that focus on removing biotoxins from the body, reducing inflammation, and restoring the normal immune function.

Mold exposure can have severe consequences for patients with Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. It's imperative to create a mold-free environment and to have a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to reduce inflammation and the burden of biotoxins. Understanding the intricate relationship between mold and C.I.R.S. is essential for improving the quality of life for affected individuals.